Abstract
Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae) is used in ethnomedicine as cicatrizant and for the treatment of gastric disorders. This study identified the chemical constituents of the aqueous extract of X. americana (XaAE) and evaluated its antiulcerogenic activity. After lyophilization, XaAE was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its antiulcerogenic effect was evaluated in acute gastric lesions induced by ethanol, acidified ethanol, and indomethacin. Antisecretory action, mucus production and the participation of sulfhydryl groups (–SH) and nitric oxide (NO) were also investigated. The chromatographic analysis identified procyanidins B and C and catechin/epicatechin as major compounds. Oral administration of XaAE (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) inhibited the gastric lesions induced by ethanol (76.1%, 77.5% and 100%, respectively), acidified ethanol (44.9%, 80.6% and 94.9%, respectively) and indomethacin (56.4%, 52.7% and 64.9%, respectively). XaAE reduced gastric contents and acidity (51.4% and 67.7%, respectively) but did not alter the production of gastric mucus. The reduction of the -SH and NO groups promoted by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and Nω-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME) respectively, reduced the gastroprotective effect of XaAE. In conclusion, XaAE has gastroprotective activity mediated in part by -SH, NO and antisecretory activity. This antiulcer action was initially correlated to its major constituents, procyanidins B and C and catechin/epicatechin.
Highlights
IntroductionPeptic ulcer disease is a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by lesions that affect the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach and/or duodenum, and may extend to the muscular layer of the mucosa [1].Molecules 2018, 23, 112; doi:10.3390/molecules23010112 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesLesions occur due to an imbalance between the defensive factors (mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, endogenous prostaglandins) and aggressors (acid secretion, alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori and reactive oxygen species) of the gastric mucosa [2].These lesions affect about four million people worldwide, more often men than women, with duodenal ulcer more prevalent among young people and gastric ulcer among the elderly [1,3].Currently, treatment options for peptic ulcer are based on the use of antacids, cytoprotective agents, muscarinic antagonists, H2 antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors, and more recently the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection [4,5]
The analysis revealed the presence of high levels of phenolic compounds, lignans, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, naphthoquinones, triterpenes and steroids, and smaller quantities of alkaloids, saponins and hydrolyzable tannins (Table 1)
This study investigated thegastric antiulcerogenic pharmacological of the aqueous extract of and indomethacin, as well as itsgastric influence on gastric acid sulfhydryl groups, X. americana stem bark in acute lesions induced bysecretion ethanol, parameters, acidified ethanol (HCl/ethanol) nitric oxide, and mucus
Summary
Peptic ulcer disease is a chronic, multifactorial disease characterized by lesions that affect the mucosa of the esophagus, stomach and/or duodenum, and may extend to the muscular layer of the mucosa [1].Molecules 2018, 23, 112; doi:10.3390/molecules23010112 www.mdpi.com/journal/moleculesLesions occur due to an imbalance between the defensive factors (mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, endogenous prostaglandins) and aggressors (acid secretion, alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori and reactive oxygen species) of the gastric mucosa [2].These lesions affect about four million people worldwide, more often men than women, with duodenal ulcer more prevalent among young people and gastric ulcer among the elderly [1,3].Currently, treatment options for peptic ulcer are based on the use of antacids, cytoprotective agents, muscarinic antagonists, H2 antihistamines, proton pump inhibitors, and more recently the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection [4,5]. Lesions occur due to an imbalance between the defensive factors (mucus, bicarbonate, mucosal blood flow, endogenous prostaglandins) and aggressors (acid secretion, alcohol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori and reactive oxygen species) of the gastric mucosa [2]. These lesions affect about four million people worldwide, more often men than women, with duodenal ulcer more prevalent among young people and gastric ulcer among the elderly [1,3]. The side effects of chronic treatment with these drugs and the increased resistance of H. pylori to antibiotics indicate the need to search new substances that may help in the treatment of this disease
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
