Abstract
Olive cultivation (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most significant sources of income for agricultural areas in the Mediterranean basin, and the olive oil industry as well as the environmental protection are an important part of the Greek agricultural sector. Generalized Linear Models were applied in order to investigate the predictive strength of several biodiversity components and agro-environmental factors for yield and herbaceous plant diversity (species richness) in organic and conventional olive groves of Greece. Our study highlights an increase in yields of organic olive groves by increasing manure application and the earthworms’ density. In the conventional olive groves, yields increase by increasing soil organic matter and the application of inorganic fertilizer N. Also, the herbaceous plant species richness increases with increasing the Shannon diversity index of herbaceous plants, the field area, the application of organic fertilizer K and the manure in organic olive groves. As for the conventional ones, herbaceous plant species richness increases with the increase of the application of inorganic fertilizer N. Moreover, some plant species could be regarded as indicators of the differently managed olive groves. Conclusively, this study contributes to the integration of biodiversity conservation with ecologically sustainable agriculture and conservation of agroecosystem. Finally, it could be utilized as a decision and management tool to the scientific and agricultural community reinforcing the knowledge about the agro-environmental impact in olive grove management systems.
Highlights
A long history of human interaction can be found in the Mediterranean basin
The yields of organic olive groves increase as the application of manure and the density of earthworms increase, while the yields of conventional olive groves increase with the increase of soil organic matter and inorganic fertilizer applications (N)
The findings of the present study provide useful information on the impact of certain biodiversity components and agro-environmental factors on olive grove yields and can help farmers adopt the right practices leading to more sustainable olive production
Summary
A long history of human interaction can be found in the Mediterranean basin Ancient civilizations such as Phoenicia and Egyptm and later, the Greece and Roman Empires, have formed the landscape and the biodiversity pattern of the area [1,2]. It is true that there are a lot of people having profited by transforming natural ecosystems into those dominated by human proving that biodiversity can be exploited [4]. It is a well-known fact that the cultivation of the olive tree has played a vital role as far as human nutrition is concerned. Olive oil has had a variety of uses (cooking, oil-lamps) and is even for its medicinal properties [5,6,7,8]
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