Abstract
The effects of long-term incorporation of organic manure and biofertilizers have been investigated on winter wheat in the North China Plain (NCP). The five-year field experiment (2013–2018) has illustrated the responses of grain yield and yield components. Seven fertilization approaches, included pig farm-yard-manure and biofertilizers amendments combined with five NPK% drop levels of chemical fertilizer ratio + organic fertilizer + biofertilizer (0, C+O+B) 25%, CL4; 50%, CL3; 75%, CL1; and 100%, CL0), without fertilizer as control (CK), in NCP during the years 2013–2018. Results showed that the grain yields of CL1 and CL2 were equivalent to CL0 in all growing seasons except 2014/2015. The grain yields of CL4 were 29.9% to 46.6% lower than that of CL0 during 2014/2015, 2016/2017, and 2017/2018. The valuable spike-number, grain number per-spike, and 1000-grain weight showed significant variations among different growing periods. Regression analysis of grain yield and yield components indicated that number grains per-spike showed significant increase in seed yield formation. The 1000-grain weight was the major parameter that influenced yield of moderate and low yielding periods, respectively. The results revealed that application of 30 m3 ha−1 pig farm-yard-manure and 20 kg ha−1 biofertilizers has reduced at least 50% of the NPK fertilization without dropping grain yields in the North China Plain.
Highlights
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important grain crops in the world and provides approximately 20% of the entire caloric intake of the world population [1,2,3]
Our results indicate that organic manure and biofertilizers could substitute about half of theabout recommended chemical fertilizerschemical in winterfertilizers wheat production amendments could substitute half of the recommended in winterwithout wheat decreasing grain yield, and this was supported with other findings
The reason might be that water was the first limiting factor determining the grain yield formation and could affect the contributions of yield components to yield [50,51,52]. These results indicated that the grain yields in C+O+B, CL1, and CL2 were comparable to CL0 during all the growing seasons except for 2014/2015
Summary
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important grain crops in the world and provides approximately 20% of the entire caloric intake of the world population [1,2,3]. China is a major wheat producing country and contributed to 11.1% (24.3 million hectares) and 17.6% (131.7 million tons) of the world total wheat harvest area and yield production in 2016, respectively [4,5,6]. The North China Plain (NCP) is the most important dryland grain production region in China. The plain is known for its intensively managed double-cropping systems with rotations of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and maize (Zea mays L.). Winter wheat and summer maize rotation is the primary cropping system in the North China Plain [3,7,8]
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