Contrasting Global Patterns of Spatially Periodic Fairy Circles and Regular Insect Nests in Drylands

Stephan Getzin,Walter R Tschinkel,Hezi Yizhaq,Michael D Cramer

doi:10.1029/2019jg005393

Abstract

AbstractNumerical analysis of spatial pattern is widely used in ecology to describe the characteristics of floral and faunal distributions. These methods allow attribution of pattern to causal mechanisms by uncovering the specific signatures of patterns and causal agents. For example, grassland‐gap patterns called fairy circles (FCs) in Namibia and Australia are characterized by highly regular and homogenous distributions across landscapes that show spatially periodic ordering. These FCs have been suggested to be caused by both social insects and competitive plant interactions. We compared eight Namibian and Australian FC patterns and also modeled FCs to 16 patterns of social insect nests in Africa, Australia, and America that include the most regular termite mound patterns known. For pattern‐process inference, we used spatial statistics based on both nearest‐neighbor analysis and neighborhood‐density functions. None of the analyzed insect‐nest distributions attain the spatially periodic ordering that is typical of FCs. The inherently more variable patterns of termite and ant nests are commonly attributable to well documented aspects of the faunal life‐history. Our quantitative evidence from drylands shows that the more variable insect‐nest distributions in water‐limited environments cannot explain the characteristic spatial signature of FCs. The analysis demonstrates the interpretation of scale‐dependent neighborhood‐density functions and that it is the identification of unique spatial signatures in regular patterns that need to be linked to process. While our results cannot verify a specific hypothesis, they support the hypothesis that FCs in these drylands are more likely an emergent vegetation pattern caused by strong plant competition for water.

Highlights

Self‐organized spatial pattern is common globally, requiring only the existence of positive feedbacks to destabilize uniform states to produce abiotic periodic patterns such as aeolian sand ripples, longitudinal dunes, ocean swells, and cloud streets (Lämmel et al, 2018)
The analysis demonstrates the interpretation of scale‐dependent neighborhood‐density functions and that it is the identification of unique spatial signatures in regular patterns that need to be linked to process
To compare the Australian fairy circles (FCs) patterns directly with local termite and ant activity in Western Australia, we provide two types of spatial data

Summary

Introduction

Self‐organized spatial pattern is common globally, requiring only the existence of positive feedbacks to destabilize uniform states to produce abiotic periodic patterns such as aeolian sand ripples, longitudinal dunes, ocean swells, and cloud streets (Lämmel et al, 2018). These generally linear abiotic patterns are similar to some biotic ecological patterning that is approximately linear and periodic (e.g., banded tiger bush; Lefever & Lejeune, 1997). Spatial pattern analysis can be used to contrast alternative theories for causal agent behavior and for understanding the drivers of self‐organized biological systems (Grimm et al, 2005; McIntire & Fajardo, 2009)

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Discussion

Conclusion