Contrasting Effects of Salt and Temperature on Niosome-Bound Norharmane: Direct Evidence for Positive Heat Capacity Change in the Niosome:β-Cyclodextrin Interaction.

Abstract

The modulation of the prototropic equilibrium of a cancer cell photosensitizer, norharmane (NHM), within a niosome microheterogeneous environment has been investigated. The contrasting effects of temperature and extrinsically added salt on the photophysics of niosome-bound drug have been meticulously explored from steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. The cation ⇌ neutral prototropic equilibrium of NHM is found to be preferentially favored toward the neutral species with increasing salt concentration, and the results are rationalized on the basis of water penetration to the hydration layer of niosome. The effects are typically reversed with temperature. The differential rotational relaxation behavior of NHM under various conditions has also been addressed from fluorescence anisotropy decay. Further, the study delineates the application of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) as a potential host system, leading to drug sequestration from the niosome-encapsulated state. To this end, a detailed investigation of the thermodynamics of the niosome:βCD interaction has been undertaken by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to unravel the notable dependence of the thermodynamic parameters on temperature. Consequently, a critical analysis of the variation of the enthalpy change (ΔH) of the process with temperature leads to the unique observation of a positive heat capacity change (ΔCp) marking the hallmark of hydrophobic hydration.