Contrast Media

Abstract

General Issues: Classification and Terminology.- Requests for Imaging using contrast agents: What information must be provided.- Off-label use of medicines: legal aspects.- Off-label use of contrast media: practical aspects.- Pharmacovigilance: When to report adverse reactions to contrast media.- What is required to get the authorities to approve a new contrast medium?.- A critical review of meta-analysis of adverse events after contrast media.- Iodine- and Gadolinium-Based Contrast Media: General Adverse Reactions: Acute adverse reactions to contrast media: Mechanisms and prevention.- Iodine-based contrast medium temperature and adverse reactions.- Management of acute adverse reactions to contrast media.- Renal Adverse reactions: Chronic kidney disease, serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR).- Contrast medium-induced nephropathy.- Dialysis and contrast media.- Other adverse effects: Pregnancy and lactation: intravascular use of contrast media.- Pheochromocytoma and contrast media.- Contrast media and interactions with other drugs and clinical tests.- Contrast media extravasation injury.- Iodine-based contrast media: Late adverse reactions to iodine-based contrast media.- Effects of iodine-based contrast media on blood and endothelium.- Effects of iodine-based contrast media on thyroid function.- Pulmonary effects of iodine-based contrast media.- MR contrast media: Gadolinium chelates and stability.- Diagnostic efficacy of gadolinium-based contrast media.- Radiography with gadolinium-based contrast media.- Acute adverse reactions to gadolinium-based contrast media.- Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium- based contrast media.- Organ specific gadolinium-based contrast media.- Ultrasonographic Contrast media.- Barium Preparations: Barium preparations: safety issues.- Pediatric use of Contrast Media: Contrast media use in pediatrics: Safety issues.- Appendix: ESUR Guidelines on Contrast Media Version 8.1.- Official publications from the Contrast Media Safety Committee of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology.