Contrast-induced nephropathy: focused on risk factors

Abstract

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) refers to an abrupt deterioration in renal function associated with the use of iodinated contrast media. Today, contrast media is commonly used in both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures; the use of contrast media will likely increase in the future. To prevent CIN, the at-risk patients and contrast agents must first be identified. Traditional risk factors are chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus, advanced age, congestive heart failure and anemia. Prominent risks factors are CKD and diabetes mellitus, particularly the combination of the two. Contrast agent dose should be as low as possible and iso-osmolar agents should be used for high-risk patients. Current intravenous periprocedural volume expansion has a strong consensus for prevention of CIN in at-risk patients.