Contrast‐Enhanced Computed Tomography Scoring System for Distinguishing Early Osteoarthritis Disease States: A Feasibility Study

Abstract

Early detection of osteoarthritis (OA) remains a diagnostic challenge owing to insensitive diagnostic techniques currently available. Herein a new semiquantitative scoring system, based upon contrast-enhanced computed tomographic (CECT) imaging, is described for further refinement of early OA disease staging. Trochlear ridge cartilage defects were surgically created in the femoropatellar joint of an adult horse (ACUC approved protocols). Seven weeks post-surgery, CECT imaging was performed on a clinical scanner after intra-articular injection of a cationic iodinated contrast agent, CA4+, into both injured and control femoropatellar joint compartments. The femoral cartilage surface was densely biopsied, and specimens were assessed for visual (Outerbridge score), functional (equilibrium compressive modulus), and biochemical (glycosaminoglycan content) measures of cartilage quality. Cartilage CECT attenuation was compared with cartilage quality measures using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to establish attenuation thresholds for distinguishing among cartilage quality levels. CECT imaging identifies macroscopically damaged cartilage regions and in morphologically identical tissue provides moderately sensitive and specific semiquantitative segregation of cartilage quality based upon CECT attenuation, reflecting both glycosaminoglycan content and compressive stiffness of cartilage area under the curve (AUC = 0.83 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72-0.93] for distinguishing poor quality and AUC = 0.76 [95% CI: 0.65-0.90] for distinguishing healthy quality cartilage). A semiquantitative 6-point scoring system-the Osteoarthritis Attenuation and Morphological Assessment (OAMA) score-is proposed as a tool for assessing cartilage quality from CECT images. The OAMA scoring system expands the current disease staging capability of early OA by inclusion of morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical assessments. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2138-2148, 2019.