Abstract
Conventional adaptive optics ophthalmoscopes use wavefront sensing methods to characterize ocular aberrations for real-time correction. However, there are important situations in which the wavefront sensing step is susceptible to difficulties that affect the accuracy of the correction. To circumvent these, wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (or non-wavefront sensing AO; NS-AO) imaging has recently been developed and has been applied to point-scanning based retinal imaging modalities. In this study we show, for the first time, contrast-based NS-AO ophthalmoscopy for full-frame in vivo imaging of human and animal eyes. We suggest a robust image quality metric that could be used for any imaging modality, and test its performance against other metrics using (physical) model eyes.
Highlights
Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging has been extensively used to study live human and animal eyes at the cellular level since its inception [1]
We have demonstrated a wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (NS-AO) correction algorithm that works in conjunction with flood AO ophthalmoscopy
It is possible that the NS-AO algorithm could “lock onto” information residing slightly outside the plane of interest, which could be compensated for by manual adjustment of defocus after completion of the NS-AO algorithm, we did not attempt this during the experiment
Summary
Adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging has been extensively used to study live human and animal eyes at the cellular level since its inception [1]. Wavefront sensorless adaptive optics (NS-AO) has been trialled for in vivo retinal imaging in both human and rodents [6,7,8,9]. This technique makes direct use of an intrinsic metric of retinal image quality to provide feedback to the imaging system for aberration correction, resulting in image quality similar or better [6, 10] than WFS-AO after convergence of the NS-AO algorithm. The principal drawback is the extended time required for correction, since results of small exploratory AO corrector adjustments must be assayed by systematic trial and error, leaving the system vulnerable to temporal variations in the wavefront during the correction loop
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