Abstract
Leaf rolls by herbivorous insects evolved in various lepidopteran groups, aphids, and some attelabid weevil species. Leaf rolls are known to have a positive effect on the survival of immature insects, protecting them from natural enemies such as birds, ants, predatory wasps, and parasitoids as well as environmental stress. On the other hand, leaf rolls are considered to have a negative effect on immature survival, attracting natural enemies because of their noticeability and subsequent learning or specialization. In this study, we directly tested the effects of leaf rolls using an attelabid species by comparing the fate of immature insects between artificial leaf rolls and unrolled leaves. The results showed the following positive effects of leaf rolls: avoidance of parasitism by eulophid wasps and avoidance of egg predation by unknown predators. On the other hand, a negative effect of leaf rolls was also detected, specifically and increase in mortality via leaf roll herbivory. This study indicated that leaf shelters are not only protective refuges but are also sometimes risky hiding places, although total survival rates increased in leaf shelters.
Highlights
Leaf rolls by herbivorous insects evolved in various lepidopteran groups, aphids, and some attelabid weevil species
We showed that simple modification of leaves, that is, leaf rolling, caused marked changes in the fate of immature attelabid weevils related to natural enemies
A decrease in the parasitism rate by Eulophidae and the egg predation rate contributed to the increase in the survival rate
Summary
Leaf rolls by herbivorous insects evolved in various lepidopteran groups, aphids, and some attelabid weevil species. Leaf rolls are known to have a positive effect on the survival of immature insects, protecting them from natural enemies such as birds, ants, predatory wasps, and parasitoids as well as environmental stress. Leaf rolling behavior by female insects to provide shelter and food for immatures evolved in the tribes Deporaini and Byctiscini (Rhynchitinae), and subfamily A ttelabinae[17]. Species of Deporaini are basically leaf miners of leaves cut by female insects, and leaf rolling behavior evolved several times independently, but most species remain non-leaf-rolling species. We evaluated the direct effect of leaf rolls using an attelabid weevil, Apoderites commodus (Deporaini, Attelabidae, Fig. 1), by comparing the immature fate between insects in artificial leaf rolls and those in unrolled control leaves in the field
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