Continuum percolation on nonorientable surfaces: the problem of permeable disks on a Klein bottle

Abstract

The percolation threshold and wrapping probability (R∞) for the two-dimensional problem of continuum percolation on the surface of a Klein bottle have been calculated by the Monte Carlo method with the Newman–Ziff algorithm for completely permeable disks. It has been shown that the percolation threshold of disks on the Klein bottle coincides with the percolation threshold of disks on the surface of a torus, indicating that this threshold is topologically invariant. The scaling exponents determining corrections to the wrapping probability and critical concentration owing to the finite-size effects are also topologically invariant. At the same time, the quantities R∞ are different for percolation on the torus and Klein bottle and are apparently determined by the topology of the surface. Furthermore, the difference between the R∞ values for the torus and Klein bottle means that at least one of the percolation clusters is degenerate.