Abstract
Floating-gate (FG) transistors are a primary means of providing nonvolatile digital memory in standard CMOS processes, but they are also key enablers for large-scale programmable analog systems, as well. Such programmable analog systems are often designed for battery-powered and resource-constrained applications, which require the memory cells to program quickly and with low infrastructural overhead. To meet these needs, we present a four-transistor analog floating-gate memory cell that offers both voltage and current outputs and has linear programming characteristics. Furthermore, we present a simple programming circuit that forces the memory cell to converge to targets with 13.0 bit resolution. Finally, we demonstrate how to use the FG memory cell and the programmer circuit in array configurations. We show how to program an array in either a serial or parallel fashion and demonstrate the effectiveness of the array programming with an application of a bandpass filter array.
Highlights
In an effort to reduce the power consumption of battery-powered devices, analog signal processing is being reinvestigated to supplement and/or replace digital systems for making early decisions regarding incoming sensor information
Differently from the serial programming scheme, the output of the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) is sampled by an array of sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits which provide the actual target voltages that are applied to the array of FG memory cell circuits to perform programming
We presented a compact analog FG memory cell that uses a continuous-time programming technique
Summary
In an effort to reduce the power consumption of battery-powered devices, analog signal processing is being reinvestigated to supplement and/or replace digital systems for making early decisions regarding incoming sensor information. We describe a compact FG cell for continuous programming, which when combined with our simple programmer circuit, converges to target voltages with. This paper serves to provide a description on how to build easy-to-use programmable arrays of analog non-volatile memory for low-power applications. Such linear source-feedback injection has been used previously in [11], but we accomplish the same characteristics with the smaller current conveyor circuit.
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