Abstract
Lactate measurement is important in the fields of sports and medicine. Lactate accumulation can seriously affect an athlete’s performance. The most common problem caused by lactate accumulation in athletes is muscle soreness due to excessive exercise. Moreover, from a medical viewpoint, lactate is one of the main prognostic factors of sepsis. Currently, blood sampling is the most common approach to lactate measurement for lactate sensing, and continuous measurement is not available. In this study, a low-cost continuous lactate monitoring system (CLMS) is developed based on a percutaneous microneedle array that uses a three-electrode lactate sensor. The working electrode has an area of 10 mm × 6 mm, including a 3 × 3 array of stainless-steel microneedles. The length, width, and thickness of each needle are 1 mm, 0.44 mm, and 0.03 mm, respectively. The working electrode is then plated with gold, polyaniline, lactate enzyme, Nafion, and Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly HEMA). The reference electrode is a 2 × 1 array covered with AgCl, and the counter electrode is a 2 × 1 array plated with gold. The sensor is incorporated into the CLMS and connected to a smartphone application and the cloud. The CLMS was tested on 40 human subjects who rode indoor bicycles, starting at 100 W and increasing in steps of 25 W at intervals of 5 min until exhaustion. The data acquired from the app connected to the CLMS were analyzed to determine the subjects’ lactate response to exercise and the feasibility of assessing exercise performance and training exercise intensity by using the proposed system.
Highlights
Lactate sensing plays a dominant role in predicting the performance of athletes, and currently, it is mainly performed using blood sampling analyzers [1,2]
The contributions of this paper are as follows: We have developed a continuous lactate monitoring system that employs a microneedle array instead of a single microneedle and have attempted to demonstrate its feasibility as a lactate sensor
The circuit board is connected to the percutaneous microneedle of the threeelectrode electrochemical sensor, which is attached to a patch and penetrated under the skin to measure the lactate concentration in the subcutaneous tissue fluid
Summary
Lactate sensing plays a dominant role in predicting the performance of athletes, and currently, it is mainly performed using blood sampling analyzers [1,2]. Chinnadayyala et al (2021) [6] used a microneedle with the height, width, and length of 650 μm, 110 μm, and 150 μm, respectively, to develop a minimally invasive continuous blood glucose monitoring sensor based on a non-enzyme method. They used cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance methods to conduct subdermal experiments on mice [7,8]. After the completion of the development of the sensor, we tested it for continuous lactate measurement on 40 human subjects. Used to display the lactate data in a specially developed app
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
