Continuous Catalytic Production of Methyl Acrylates from Unsaturated Alcohols by Gold: The Strong Effect of C═C Unsaturation on Reaction Selectivity

Abstract

Here we demonstrate the gas-phase catalytic production of methyl acrylates by oxygen-assisted coupling of methanol with the unsaturated alcohols allyl alcohol and methylallyl alcohol over nanoporous gold (npAu) at atmospheric pressure. Analogous investigations on O-activated Au(110) exhibit the same pattern of reactivity and are used to establish that the competition between methoxy and allyloxy (or methallyloxy) reaction intermediates for adsorption sites, mediated by the reactants themselves, determines the selectivity of reaction. Our results clearly show that the C═C bond substantially increases the binding efficacy of the allyloxy (or methallyloxy), thus requiring extremely high methanol mole fractions (>0.99) in order to achieve comparable surface concentrations of methoxy and produce optimum yields of either methacrylate or methyl methacrylate. Allyloxy and methallyloxy were favored by factors of ∼100 and ∼450, respectively, vs methoxy. These values are more than 1 order of magnitude greater than those measured for competitive binding of ethoxy and 1-butoxy vs methoxy, demonstrating the strong effect of the carbon–carbon bond unsaturation. The 4.5-fold increase due to the addition of the methyl group in methylallyl alcohol vs allyl alcohol indicates the significant effect of the additional van der Waals interactions between the methyl group and the surface. Gas-phase acidity is also shown to be a good qualitative indicator for the relative binding strength of the alkoxides. This work provides insight into the control of reaction selectivity for coupling reactions and demonstrates the value of fundamental studies on single crystals for establishing key principles governing reaction selectivity. Notably, these oxygen-assisted coupling reactions occur without oxidation of the C═C bond.