Continuous Atrial Fibrillation Monitoring From Photoplethysmography: Comparison Between Supervised Deep Learning and Heuristic Signal Processing

Abstract

BackgroundContinuous monitoring for atrial fibrillation (AF) using photoplethysmography (PPG) from smartwatches or other wearables is challenging due to periods of poor signal quality during motion or suboptimal wearing. As a result, many consumer wearables sample infrequently and only analyze when the user is at rest, which limits the ability to perform continuous monitoring or to quantify AF. ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare 2 methods of continuous monitoring for AF in free-living patients: a well-validated signal processing (SP) heuristic and a convolutional deep neural network (DNN) trained on raw signal. MethodsWe collected 4 weeks of continuous PPG and electrocardiography signals in 204 free-living patients. Both SP and DNN models were developed and validated both on holdout patients and an external validation set. ResultsThe results show that the SP model demonstrated receiver-operating characteristic area under the curve (AUC) of 0.972 (sensitivity 99.6%, specificity: 94.4%), which was similar to the DNN receiver-operating characteristic AUC of 0.973 (sensitivity 92.2, specificity: 95.5%); however, the DNN classified significantly more data (95% vs 62%), revealing its superior tolerance of tracings prone to motion artifact. Explainability analysis revealed that the DNN automatically suppresses motion artifacts, evaluates irregularity, and learns natural AF interbeat variability. The DNN performed better and analyzed more signal in the external validation cohort using a different population and PPG sensor (AUC, 0.994; 97% analyzed vs AUC, 0.989; 88% analyzed). ConclusionsDNNs perform at least as well as SP models, classify more data, and thus may be better for continuous PPG monitoring.