Continuity in geochemistry and time of the Tertiary Bergell intrusion (Central Alps)

Abstract

The calc-alkaline Bergell intrusion is classically mapped as a main tonalite and main granodiorite unit, whose ages have been determined at 32 and 30 Ma, respectively. These units are separated by a mostly thin band interpreted as magmatic “transition zone”. High precision U–Pb dating of zircons and whole rock geochemistry of transition zone rocks are combined with a compilation of available geochemical analyses and ages to characterize the emplacement and magmatic evolution of the Bergell intrusion. Detailed field work shows that the transition zone is heterogeneous, characterized by multiple intrusions of tonalites to granodiorites to quartz-monzonites containing mafic enclaves and leucocratic dykes. Commonly, magmatic flow structures such as compositional banding, schlieren and accumulation of K-feldspar megacrystals are observed. The compositions of the transition zone intrusives as well as of the geochemically fairly heterogeneous tonalite and granodiorite units span a continuous range from 49–76 wt% SiO2 for mafic enclaves to leucocratic dykes. Major and trace element trends are consistent with a predominant fractional crystallization. High precision U–Pb dating of single zircon grains separated from tonalites and granodiorites of the transition zone yields crystallization ages of 31.22 ± 0.04 and 31.13 ± 0.10 Ma, respectively. Hence, the transition zone represents an own phase of intrusion during which a range of magma types were coeval. The available ages and compositional data suggest magmatic activity over the entire range from 28 to 33 Ma across the Bergell intrusion, which should not be described by two main “tonalite” and “granodiorite” stages but by a model with several magmatic main phases during which most magma types developed multiply. Geobarometry of tonalite boulders in the Como molasse (yielding a zircon crystallization age of 32.06 ± 0.13 Ma) indicate average erosion rates for the Bergell intrusion of 1.9 mm/a between 32–25 Ma and of 0.5 mm/a since then.