Abstract
This study aimed to analyse depression and anxiety symptoms changes from the first to the third trimester of pregnancy in non-smokers versus quitters versus continuous smokers, and the contribution of depression and anxiety symptoms to continued tobacco consumption during pregnancy. The sample comprises 850 Spanish pregnant women (595 non-smokers, 123 quitters, and 132 continuous smokers), assessed at the first and the third trimester of pregnancy with a questionnaire concerning socio-demographic, obstetric, and tobacco consumption information, and measures of depression and anxiety. Continuous smokers during pregnancy showed more depression and anxiety symptoms than both non-smokers and quitters and no changes from the first trimester to the third trimester of pregnancy, while both non-smokers and quitters revealed a decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms. More anxiety symptoms at the first trimester (OR 1.03) and depression symptoms at the third trimester (OR 1.14) were associated with continued smoking during pregnancy. Anxiety and depression symptoms need to be considered to screening for women at risk of smoking during pregnancy. Future prenatal smoking cessation interventions must take into account these variables.
Highlights
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy is one of the main factors associated with adverse health outcomes for women and their children (USDHHS 2014)
Continuous smokers during pregnancy showed more depression and anxiety symptoms than both non-smokers and quitters and no changes from the first trimester to the third trimester of pregnancy, while both non-smokers and quitters revealed a decrease in depression and anxiety symptoms
Anxiety and depression symptoms need to be considered to screening for women at risk of smoking during pregnancy
Summary
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy is one of the main factors associated with adverse health outcomes for women and their children (USDHHS 2014). Including women who have never smoked and those who quit smoking during pregnancy in the same non-smokers group Al-Sahab et al 2010; Orr et al 2012) may provide underrepresented data as different consumption profiles and associated factors are considered as the same one. Knowing about the differences between smokers and quitters may provide relevant information, namely regarding why some smokers quit and others continue smoking during pregnancy. On the other hand, exploring the differences among the three groups—nonsmokers, quitters, and continuous smokers across pregnancy—may add relevant information to the field of tobacco consumption, mainly regarding the benefits of quitting smoking during pregnancy
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