Abstract
There is evidence to suggest that CS-US contingency is the variable that determines the associative effects of a CS. It has been claimed that experiments where contingency is manipulated allow us to distinguish between excitatory and inhibitory associative effects, and suggest a solution to the problem of finding a control procedure for non-associative effects. It is argued, however, that unless we can find a priori grounds for defining a level of contingency at which there are no associative effects, these claims are not justified. The reasons for this are that we have no way of distinguishing experimentally between associative and non-associative contributions to the effect of a CS, and that without such a technique there is no possibility of locating the point of associative neutrality empirically.
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