Contextually Specific Effects and other Generalizations of the Hierarchical Linear Model for Comparative Analysis

Abstract

Abstract Contextually specific differences among members of a context pose substantive and methodological problems in multilevel analysis. An important example is ethnic identity in comparative studies involving different societies. Ethnic (and religious) group membership in many societies is a basis not only for differentiation among members but also for the identification and maintenance of deeply rooted integrative ties. So important is ethnicity that the existence of different groups within societies sometimes delays or prohibits the taking of censuses. Moreover, even when ethnic information is available in national statistical data sources, researchers are sometimes prohibited from reporting the results of analyses that contain ethnic detail. Despite these constraints, information on ethnicity is often available for pluralistic societies. Where it is available, ethnicity poses a challenging analytic problem for comparative analysis. If researchers wish to compare different societies, how is ethnicity...