Abstract
Context-adaptive functions are not new in the driving context, but even so, investigations into these functions concerning the automation human–machine interface (aHMI) have yet to be carried out. This study presents research into context-adaptive availability notifications for an SAE Level 3 automation in scenarios where participants were surprised by either availability or non-availability. For this purpose, participants (N = 30) took part in a driving simulator study, experiencing a baseline HMI concept as a comparison, and a context-adaptive HMI concept that provided context-adaptive availability notifications with the aim of improving acceptance and usability, while decreasing frustration (due to unexpected non-availability) and gaze deviation from the road when driving manually. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that participants, when experiencing the context-adaptive HMI, would activate the automated driving function more quickly when facing unexpected availability. None of the hypotheses could be statistically confirmed; indeed, where gaze behavior was concerned, the opposite effects were found, indicating increased distraction induced by the context-adaptive HMI. However, the trend in respect to the activation time was towards shorter times with the context-adaptive notifications. These results led to the conclusion that context-adaptive availability notifications might not always be beneficial for users, while more salient availability notifications in the case of an unexpected availability could be advantageous.
Highlights
The introduction of automated driving functions of SAE Level 3 [1] is associated with different expectations; for instance, less congestion, improved fuel efficiency, increased traffic safety, and the possibility of conducting non-driving related activities (NDRAs) [2,3].While these expectations are all positive, there are concerns regarding automated driving, such as liability concerns, safety and privacy concerns, and the fear of system errors [2]
In order for it to be possible for the driver to be surprised, they have to already have experience regarding the availability of the automated driving system (ADS) on the road segment they are driving along and the current situation has to differ from those experiences
10 female) participants test found no violation of 30 the(including normal distribution assumptionfinished (p > 0.05)
Summary
The introduction of automated driving functions of SAE Level 3 [1] is associated with different expectations; for instance, less congestion, improved fuel efficiency, increased traffic safety, and the possibility of conducting non-driving related activities (NDRAs) [2,3].While these expectations are all positive, there are concerns regarding automated driving, such as liability concerns, safety and privacy concerns, and the fear of system errors [2]. The introduction of automated driving functions of SAE Level 3 [1] is associated with different expectations; for instance, less congestion, improved fuel efficiency, increased traffic safety, and the possibility of conducting non-driving related activities (NDRAs) [2,3]. This paper presents a study investigating the effects an HMI concept has when a driver is potentially surprised by availability or non-availability of an automated driving function In order for it to be possible for the driver to be surprised, they have to already have experience regarding the availability of the ADS on the road segment they are driving along and the current situation has to differ from those experiences. It is possible to adapt the content to the context by hiding information that is irrelevant for a specific context [23]
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