Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the remediation effect of various substances (manure, clay, charcoal, zeolite and calcium oxide) on limiting the influence of high cobalt doses (0, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg of soil) on the content of macroelements in grain, straw and roots of oat. The doses of cobalt applied in this experiment as well as soil amendments such as manure, clay, charcoal, zeolite and calcium oxide had a significant effect on the content of the analysed macronutrients in grain, straw and roots of oat. In the series without any neutralising substances, the soil contamination with cobalt caused an increase in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, sodium, calcium and, partly, potassium, in grain, straw and roots of oat. Among the neutralising substances tested, the most unambiguous effect was produced by manure, which raised the content of all macronutrients (except calcium and magnesium) in oat grain, straw and roots. The influence of the other substances on the content of macronutrients in oat plants was less equivocal. However, all of them, especially calcium oxide, tended to induce a decrease in the content of most macronutrients in grain, straw and roots of oat.
Highlights
Cobalt is one of the metals composing the Earth’s crust
Zeolite and calcium oxide had been added to soil, the content of nitrogen decreased in all organs of oat, the strongest impact was observed to have been produced by calcium oxide on grain, straw and roots of oat
The analysis of our results clearly demonstrates that manure and calcium oxide had the strongest effect on the content of nitrogen, Fig. 3 Content of macroelements in the oats straw illustrated with the PCA method
Summary
Cobalt is one of the metals composing the Earth’s crust. Its highest concentrations are found in sulphate and arsenate ores as well as in oxide minerals of such metals as manganese, copper and nickel. The average cobalt content in soils is 8 mg/kg (Bowen 1979). Beyond the borders of our country, there are sites where the content of this metal in soil significantly exceeds its permissible levels. The amounts of cobalt in soils across Europe are within the range of 0.5 to 255 mg/kg (Cappuyns and Mallaerts 2014). The strongest impact on its content is played by natural factors, mostly the type of rock from which given soil developed, and by human action, due to the widespread use of cobalt in various branches of industry (Adriano 2001). As well as being inhabited by many organisms, soil participates in the flow of energy and matter, and it plays an important role in biomass production (Bouma 2014)
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