Abstract
In this study, the content of chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in domestic and imported infant formulas from Beijing, China were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The content of Cr, As, Cd and Pb was 2.51–83.80, 0.89–7.87, 0.13–3.58 and 0.36–5.57 μg/kg, respectively. Even though there were no significant differences in toxic elements content between domestic and imported infant formulas, Cd content was slightly lower in domestic samples. The estimated daily intake (EDI), target hazard quotient (THQ) and hazard index (HI) were calculated for infants between 0.5 and 5 y of age. The EDIs were lower than the oral reference doses. THQ of As, Cr, Cd and Pb was 0.027–0.103, 0.024–0.093, 0.0025–0.0090 and 0.0015–0.0046, respectively. HI values were 0.055–0.192 for boys and 0.056–0.209 for girls and were inversely associated with age with a threshold < 1. The non-carcinogenic risk value were in the safe range, indicating that exposure of As, Pb, Cr and Cd from infant formulas do not represent a health risk in China.
Highlights
The optimum nutrition for newborns is breastmilk
A total of 93 infant formula samples were sampled in China and comprehensively measured
A total of 93 infant formula samples of domestic and imported brands obtained from the Chinese market were analyzed for As, Cr, Pb and Cd by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS)
Summary
The optimum nutrition for newborns is breastmilk. for the past two decades, approximately 67.0% of infants are not completely breastfed for the recommended six months [1].In China, only 20.8% are completely breastfed for six months, 11.5% are breastfed for one year and6.9% are breastfed for two years [2]. The optimum nutrition for newborns is breastmilk. For the past two decades, approximately 67.0% of infants are not completely breastfed for the recommended six months [1]. In China, only 20.8% are completely breastfed for six months, 11.5% are breastfed for one year and. 6.9% are breastfed for two years [2]. Infant formulas play a special role in infant nutrition because they can be used as a breastmilk substitute [3]. Suitable infant formulas are preferred sources of nutrition for most infant when breastmilk is absent or insufficient [4]. There are a variety of infant formulas in the Chinese market. In 2017, the import of infant formulas was substantial (296,014 t, $3.98 billion) [5]
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