Abstract
Both Aedes aegytpi and Ae. albopictus are major vectors of 5 important arboviruses (namely chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus), making these mosquitoes an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control using insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is critical to control the transmission of these viruses to humans but is threatened by the emergence of insecticide resistance. Here, we review the available evidence for the geographical distribution of insecticide resistance in these 2 major vectors worldwide and map the data collated for the 4 main classes of neurotoxic insecticide (carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates, and pyrethroids). Emerging resistance to all 4 of these insecticide classes has been detected in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Target-site mutations and increased insecticide detoxification have both been linked to resistance in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus but more work is required to further elucidate metabolic mechanisms and develop robust diagnostic assays. Geographical distributions are provided for the mechanisms that have been shown to be important to date. Estimating insecticide resistance in unsampled locations is hampered by a lack of standardisation in the diagnostic tools used and by a lack of data in a number of regions for both resistance phenotypes and genotypes. The need for increased sampling using standard methods is critical to tackle the issue of emerging insecticide resistance threatening human health. Specifically, diagnostic doses and well-characterised susceptible strains are needed for the full range of insecticides used to control Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to standardise measurement of the resistant phenotype, and calibrated diagnostic assays are needed for the major mechanisms of resistance.
Highlights
Arboviruses cause severe disease and death in humans with over 4 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide attributed to mosquito-borne viruses in 2013 [1, 2]
Each arbovirus is transmitted by multiple species and the relative importance of each species is determined by their vectorial capacity and their geographical distribution
Insecticide resistance appears to be highly variable or patchy in Southeast Asia. This may indicate that insecticide resistance is spatially heterogenous at a fine resolution but could be the result of variation in test protocols, variation in collection dates, or small sample sizes
Summary
Arboviruses cause severe disease and death in humans with over 4 million disability-adjusted life years worldwide attributed to mosquito-borne viruses in 2013 [1, 2]. Each arbovirus is transmitted by multiple species and the relative importance of each species is determined by their vectorial capacity and their geographical distribution. Both Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes are competent vectors of 5 important arboviruses (chikungunya virus, dengue virus, Rift Valley fever virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus) and both are widely distributed, making these species an important factor in the worldwide burden of infectious disease. Vector control by insecticides coupled with larval source reduction is absolutely critical in the prevention and control of these arboviral diseases
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