Contemporary research on synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its applications*

Abstract

ABSTRACT Recent advances in biological, chemical, and medical sciences have been driven by the unique properties of materials at the nanoscale, which differ significantly from their bulk counterparts. The development of sophisticated synthesis techniques has allowed for precise control over the size and shape of nanoparticles, leading to their increased application in agriculture and medicine. Among these, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stand out due to their enhanced chemical and physical properties when scaled down to dimensions between 1 and 100 nanometres. These properties, shaped by the size and morphology of AgNPs, make them highly suitable for diverse applications, including biopharmaceuticals, biosensors, chemotherapy, optical imaging, theranostics, and photothermal therapy. The distinct advantages of AgNPs have captured the attention of researchers, though the field still faces challenges related to precise characterisation, controlled synthesis, stability, toxicity, and specific application needs. Overcoming these challenges is essential for the effective utilisation and commercialisation of AgNPs and requires a combination of innovative methods, advanced techniques, and continuous research. This review compiles comprehensive data on the physical, chemical, and green synthesis of AgNPs, exploring their characteristics—such as SEM, UV-spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and optical properties—demonstrating their wide-ranging applicability in cutting-edge technology.