Abstract
Globalization influenced by the development of science and technology has brought the world into the era of industrial revolution 4.0. It led to an unstable and confusing situation, which implies the emergence of VUCA (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity) conditions. VUCA created the term Irregular Warfare as a new form of war, which is defined as a violent struggle between state and non-state actors to gain legitimate influence on the people relevant in the form of terrorist attacks, subversion, and rebellion or separatism. Irregular Warfare in Indonesia is known as a non-military threat, which must be faced by state institutions outside the defense sector as the main element. This study aims to develop a non-military defense strategy in dealing with non-military threats through the collaboration between the ministry of defense with ministries/agencies and local governments as the main elements under the mandate of the defense law. This study used qualitative research methods and phenomenological descriptive-analytical design and supported by relevant theories such as; strategy theory and synergy theory. This study indicates that the synergy of the ministry of defense with the ministries/agencies and local governments is significant in realizing a reliable national defense system.
Highlights
At the height of the period in irregular warfare known as the ‘wars of national liberation’ (1962–65), journalist Robert Taber, who had spent time in Cuba during the revolution there, said: The guerrilla fighter’s war is political and social, his means are at least as political as they are military, his purpose almost entirely so
The technologies associated with globalization, including the Internet, are reshaping politics and violence
Social, cultural, and economic factors provide the context which shapes the conduct of irregular conflicts
Summary
Western democracies have had difficulty responding to the new reality of global violent extremist terrorism. Two themes run through the long history of irregular warfare. The first is that all types of irregular warfare, including terrorism and insurgency, are appealing to those who seek to change the status quo, but what role can politics possibly play for those who are willing to kill themselves and others for rewards in the afterlife? For reasons that will become clear in this chapter, global violent extremists share much in common with their historical antecedents. The second theme is that conducting irregular warfare successfully to achieve change is a very challenging undertaking. For dissatisfied groups and individuals, irregular warfare will be used as it offers the promise of change to right perceived injustices and wrongs.
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