Abstract
Initiatives to reduce sodium intake are encouraged globally, yet there is concern about compromised iodine intake supplied through salt. The aim of the present study was to determine baseline sodium, potassium, and iodine intake in a sample of workers from our Institution in Mexico City (SALMEX Cohort). Methods. From a cohort of 1009 workers, appropriate 24-h urine and three-day dietary recall was collected in a sample of 727 adult subjects for assessment of urinary sodium, potassium, and iodine concentrations. Median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was compared across categories of sodium intake of <2, 2–3.6, and ≥3.6 g/day. Results. Average sodium intake was 3.49 ± 1.38 g/day; higher in men than women (4.14 vs. 3.11 g/day, p ≤0.001). Only 10.6% of the population had sodium intake within the recommended range (<2 g/day); 45.4% had high (2–3.6 g/day) and 44% had excessive intake (>3.6 g/day). Average urinary Na/K ratio was 3.15 ± 1.22 (ideal < 1), higher in men (3.42 vs. 3.0, p ≤ 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that sodium intake was associated with age (p = 0.03), male sex (p < 0.001), caloric intake (p = 0.002), UKE (p < 0.001) and BMI (p < 0.001). Median iodine intake was 286.7 µg/day (IQR 215–370 µg/day). Less than 2% of subjects had iodine intake lower than recommended for adults (95 µg/day); 1.3% of subjects in the recommended range of salt intake had low iodine intake. There is a direct relationship between iodine and sodium urinary excretion (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001). Conclusions. In the studied population, there was an excessive sodium intake and an imbalance between sodium and potassium intake. Only 10.6% of the population had sodium intake within the recommended values, but iodine intake in this group appears to be adequate.
Highlights
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is currently the leading cause of death and disability worldwide.A shift in dietary patterns from a reliance on fresh produce to processed foods high in sodium may partially explain the increase in CVD in recent decades [1,2]
The Salt and Mexico (SALMEX) cohort study is a cross-sectional, observational, study aimed at assessing the average sodium, potassium, and iodine intake in Mexican population
Considering fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and blood pressure (BP) the day of the interview, HT diagnosis increased to 20.8% and diabetes mellitus (DM) diagnosis to 12.4% (Table 1)
Summary
A shift in dietary patterns from a reliance on fresh produce to processed foods high in sodium may partially explain the increase in CVD in recent decades [1,2]. High sodium intake increases the risk of CVD and renal disease, stroke, and progression of renal disease [3,4,5,6,7]. Excess sodium intake is Nutrients 2018, 10, 816; doi:10.3390/nu10070816 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. Mean sodium intake around the world has been calculated between. 2.1–6.6 g/day depending on the country, with a mean around 4 g/day [12]. The increased sodium (Na) intake of the modern western diet is reciprocated by a decrease in dietary potassium (K) intake
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