Contemporary Development on the Performance and Functionalization of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) for Biomedical Implants

Abstract

Polymers are widely used in biomedical implants due to their low cost, ability to shape easily in different ways, low friction and strong anti-corrosion properties. Numerous polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyamide (PA), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyurethane (PU), Epoxy and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) are used to develop modified biomaterials applications. Among these polymers, UHMWPE stands out as a polymer with superior customization properties to satisfy specific requirements of the human body. Investigations show that the medical-grade and prosthetic product market gained dominance in 2020, accounting for over 30% of global sales. UHMWPE has proven its dominance in tribological applications such as bearings and biomedical components. Despite its exceptional tribological properties, UHMWPE struggles with drawbacks such as poor load-bearing capability and low thermal stability. Researchers are working on various paths to develop UHMWPE composites and hybrid composites with nano/micro fillers to develop a composite framework to address these challenges. This review paper aims to amalgamate the results from these studies. It provides an overview of the studies conducted and their contribution to our current understanding of various routes taken by different researchers to enhance the tribological efficiency of UHMWPE biomaterials. This discussion may inspire the development of low friction and improved wear resistance properties in polymer (UHMWPE) biomaterial composites.