Abstract
‘Mass timber’ engineered wood products in general, and cross-laminated timber in particular, are gaining popularity in residential, non-residential, as well as mid- and high-rise structural applications. These applications include lateral force-resisting systems, such as shear walls. The prospect of building larger and taller timber buildings creates structural design challenges; one of them being that lateral forces from wind and earthquakes are larger and create higher demands on the ‘hold-downs’ in shear wall buildings. These demands are multiple: strength to resist loads, lateral stiffness to minimize deflections and damage, as well as deformation compatibility to accommodate the desired system rocking behaviour during an earthquake. In this paper, contemporary and novel hold-down solutions for mass timber shear walls are presented and discussed, including recent research on internal-perforated steel plates fastened with self-drilling dowels, hyperelastic rubber pads with steel rods, and high-strength hold-downs with self-tapping screws.
Highlights
Slip–friction devices, consisting of a steel plate encased in the timber element and two built-in side steel plates held together with bolts and disc springs, were proposed as HD for mass timber shear walls [41]
The experiments on rigid shear walls equipped with symmetric Buildings 2022, 12, x FOR PEER REVfrIEicWtion–slip joints further showed that connection with high slot lengths tended to exhibit self-centring behaviour [42]
Metal cold-shaped HDs attached with nails or screws were proven adequate for low-rise buildings when accepting a certain degree of damage in the joints and residual deformation in the timber assembly
Summary
Growing environmental concerns and emphasis on resource efficiency, combined with the need to mitigate the impacts from urban population growth, renewed the interest to use the renewable material wood for non-residential and tall buildings [1]. On the systems level, the concept of hybrid structures, which integrate wood with different materials to form a system that makes use of each material’s strength and stiffness and overcomes their individual weaknesses, offers great potential to overcome the current height limitations of timber-only buildings [4]. RTtihcealvweratlilcpalanweal-ltlop-paanneel-ltcoo-pnnanece-l tions typically use plywood splines or half-lap joints (Figure 2) The latter components are usually designed to provide ductility and energy dissipation [19,20]. FFcFcirriigugugususuhrhrreieienn44g4g...fDfaDDaioliouolwuwrwereeelemlllemllodeeodddsdelssosellts(ootpet(tthpdteoeh-ditdono-i-tnciosnrtecesredsteeltieetdp:leil(tlaap:t,pl(beaals)t,a:beJtu(s)ea:ssJ)tu(:iaHns()taDBiHn)rotHDBewsrDtontew;sste(tecntu)s;stFpe(cat;su)se(tbFptu+a); spE(dtb;pu+)p(cbEtd,ir)lpueepdcpst,uritrilecneeettplieslrtydeieineewstlltedietydihenilewgplyediatirihnemnldgpdisewisanrinmoogdonida)s.wsnidooonwd).ood crushing failure modes (photo credit: (a,b) Justin Brown; (c) Fast + Epp, reprinted with permission)
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