Abstract
This study determined the presence of important antibiotic-resistant bacteria in selected environments in Thailand, including wastewater samples from 60 hospitals; washed fluid, leachate, flies, cockroaches, and rats collected from five open markets; washed fluid from garbage trucks; and stabilized leachate from a landfill facility. At least one type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was isolated from all samples of influent fluid before treatment in hospitals, from wastewater treatment tank content in hospitals, and from 15% of effluent fluid samples after treatment with chlorine prior to draining it into a public water source. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were recovered from 80% of washed market fluid samples, 60% of market leachate samples, all fly samples, 80% of cockroach samples, and all samples of intestinal content of rats collected from the open markets. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were recovered from all samples from the landfill. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and/or Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most common antibiotic-resistant bacteria recovered from all types of samples, followed by carbapenem-resistant E. coli and/or K. pneumoniae. Colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, carbapenem-resistant Psuedomonas aeruginosa, carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, vancomycin-resistant Enterococci, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus were less common. These findings suggest extensive contamination by antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hospital and community environment in Thailand.
Highlights
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has enormous adverse impact on humans in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss [1]
The aim of this study was to determine the magnitude of antibiotic-resistant bacteria contamination in selected environments in Thailand, including wastewater samples from hospitals; from washed fluid, leachate, flies, cockroaches, and rats collected from open markets, from washed fluid from a garbage truck that collected garbage from the five open markets; and, from stabilized leachate from a landfill facility
The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria isolated from influent fluid before treatment (INF), content in wastewater treatment tank (CWW), and effluent fluid after treatment with chlorine prior to draining it into a public water source (EFF) from 188 samples collected from 60 hospitals are shown in collected from all hospitals, and from 15% of EFF samples
Summary
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has enormous adverse impact on humans in terms of morbidity, mortality, and economic loss [1]. The health and economic burden of AMR on humans in Thailand is enormous [2,3,4,5]. The World Health Organization (WHO), the World Organization for Animal. Health (OIE), and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) endorsed a global action plan on AMR in 2015 because AMR will affect sectors beyond human health, such as animal health, agriculture, food security, the environment, and economic development [6]. The One Health concept, which is defined as a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach at the local, regional, national, and global levels with the goal of achieving optimal health. Public Health 2019, 16, 3753; doi:10.3390/ijerph16193753 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph
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