Abstract
Wild boar (Sus scrofa) are widely distributed throughout the Old World. Most studies have focused on Europe and East Asia with the genetic diversity of West Asia being less well studied. In particular, the genetic variability and genetic structure of the Iranian populations are not yet known; gaps which prevent scientists from resolving the genetic relationships of the Eurasian wild boar. This paper is the first attempt to provide information about genetic relationships among modern Iranian populations of the Eurasian wild boar (S. scrofa) by sequencing 572 bp of the mitochondrial (mt) DNA control region. As a result of this investigation, it was discovered that Iran contains not only Middle Eastern haplotypes, but also shares haplotypes with Europe and East Asia. The Italian clade, which is endemic in Italy, is not identified in Iran, while all other clades, including Asiatic, European, Near East 1, and Near East 2 are found based on the phylogenetic tree and median-joining network. The results of this study illustrate that north west of Iran (specifically Southwest Caspian Sea) is the contact zone between the Asian (Near Eastern and Far Eastern), and the European clades. In light of the fact that the domestication of pigs occurs in Anatolia, this finding is important.
Highlights
Wild boar (Sus scrofa), one of the world’s most widely distributed species, is a native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia, and have been artificially introduced to other continents with the exception of Antarctica [1,2]
Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of wild boar are well understood in Europe and East Asia [15,17,18] and the results indicate that pigs may be derived from two maternal origins: Asian and European wild boars
Phylogenetic analyses clearly separate five clades consisting of Asiatic, Near Eastern 1 (NE1), Near Eastern 2 (NE2), European and Italian
Summary
Wild boar (Sus scrofa), one of the world’s most widely distributed species, is a native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia, and have been artificially introduced to other continents with the exception of Antarctica [1,2]. Contact Zone of Asian and European Wild Boar ecosystems [16]. Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of wild boar are well understood in Europe and East Asia [15,17,18] and the results indicate that pigs may be derived from two maternal origins: Asian and European wild boars. Five major clades are identified for Eurasian wild boar consisting of Asiatic, Near Eastern (NE1), Near Eastern 2 (NE2), European and Italian [19,20]. Genetic divergence between European and East Asian wild populations and domestic breeds is clear [1,5,9,23,24], while the contact zone of Asian and European wild boars is yet unknown [1]
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