Contact statistics in populations of noninteracting random walkers in two dimensions.

Abstract

The interaction between individuals in biological populations, dilute components of chemical systems, or particles transported by turbulent flows depends critically on their contact statistics. This work clarifies those statistics under the simplifying assumptions that the underlying motions approximate a Brownian random walk and that the particles can be treated as noninteracting. We measure the contact-interval (also called the waiting-time or interarrival-time), contact-count, and contact-duration distributions in populations of individuals undergoing noninteracting continuous-space-time random walks on a periodic two-dimensional plane (a torus) as functions of the population number density, walker radius, and random-walk step size. The contact-interval is exponentially distributed for times longer than the ballistic mean-free-collision time but not for times shorter than that, and the contact duration distribution is strongly peaked at the ballistic-crossing time for head-on collisions when the ballistic-crossing time is short compared to the mean step duration. While successive contacts between individuals are independent, the probability of repeat contact decreases with time after a previous contact. This leads to a negative duration dependence of the waiting-time interval and overdispersion of the contact-count probability density function for all time intervals. The paper demonstrates that for populations of small particles (with a walker radius that is small compared to the mean-separation or random-walk step size), the ballistic mean-free-collision interval, the ballistic-crossing time, and the random-walk-step duration can be used to construct temporal scalings which allow for common waiting-time, contact-count, and contact-duration distributions across different populations. Semi-analytic approximations for both the waiting-time and contact-duration distributions are also presented.