Abstract
Metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) due to excess weight and obesity threatens public health worldwide. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to obesity and related diseases. The cholesterol-lowering, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of wild rice have been reported in several studies; however, whether it has beneficial effects on the gut microbiota is unknown. Here, we show that wild rice reduces body weight, liver steatosis, and low-grade inflammation, and improves insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. High-throughput 16S rRNA pyrosequencing demonstrated that wild rice treatment significantly changed the gut microbiota composition in mice fed an HFD. The richness and diversity of the gut microbiota were notably decreased upon wild rice consumption. Compared with a normal chow diet (NCD), HFD feeding altered 117 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), and wild rice supplementation reversed 90 OTUs to the configuration in the NCD group. Overall, our results suggest that wild rice may be used as a probiotic agent to reverse HFD-induced MAFLD through the modulation of the gut microbiota.
Highlights
With the improvement of social living standards, the daily diet structure of people has undergone a tremendous change from plant-based foods to high-fat and low-carb carbohydrates
We found that Wild rice (WR) causes substantial changes in the gut microbiota composition, suggesting WR has attenuated many of the adverse health consequences associated with an high-fat diet (HFD), and it modulates the gut microbiota in a positive way
We found that HFD feeding significantly decreased the Bacteroidetes abundance, while it increased the abundance of Firmicutes
Summary
With the improvement of social living standards, the daily diet structure of people has undergone a tremendous change from plant-based foods to high-fat and low-carb carbohydrates. Long-term excessive high-fat intake could induce obesity, which has been linked with major degenerative diseases and the development of metabolic (dysfunction) associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [1,2]. MAFLD affects about 25% of the global population and is associated with metabolic derangements such as visceral obesity, increased fasting blood glucose, dyslipidemia, and hypertension [2]. The incidence of the disease is about 15%, but in obese patients, the incidence is as high as 50% or more [4]. MAFLD can increase the risk of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress, chronic kidney disease, etc., which all threaten human health [6,7,8]. MAFLD and its associated metabolic syndrome have become a global concern
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