Abstract
The relationship between alcohol consumption and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome is not consistent and may vary between populations, depending on age, sex, ethnicity, cultural traditions and lifestyle. We have hypothesized that moderate alcohol consumption will be associated with the lowest risk of the syndrome. The aim of the present study is to examine the relationship between the current consumption of alcohol and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components. The research material includes data obtained from 12,285 men and women, in the age range of 37–66 years. Multiple logistic regression was used in the statistical analysis. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation. In men, a current consumption of >30 g of alcohol/day was significantly associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.25–2.39), high blood pressure (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = 1.64–4.65), elevated glucose concentration (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.24–2.32), and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.07–2.92). In women, the consumption from 10.1 to 15.0 g of alcohol was associated only with a higher risk of abnormal glucose concentration (OR = 1.65; 95% CI = 1.14–2.38.) In both sexes, current alcohol consumption was associated with higher high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol concentration (p < 0.05). No relationship was found between alcohol consumption and triglyceride concentration. It is difficult to formulate unequivocal recommendations regarding alcohol intake in MetS prophylaxis due to its different association with particular MetS components. In order to explain the causal relationship between alcohol consumption and MetS and its components, prospective studies are necessary.
Highlights
Alcohol intake is one of the seven main risk factors in the world for both deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [1]
metabolic syndrome (MetS) had significantly greater mass and Body mass index (BMI), more often had abdominal obesity, high BP, increased concentration of glucose and TG, and decreased high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol concentration compared to women in the control group
A current consumption >30 g of alcohol per day was significantly associated with a higher risk of MetS, high blood pressure, increased glucose concentration, and abdominal obesity
Summary
Alcohol intake is one of the seven main risk factors in the world for both deaths and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) [1]. Its consumption is associated with more than 60 acute and chronic diseases. Point out the protective effects of alcohol in cardiovascular diseases [2,3,4], diabetes [5,6], and kidney cancer [7]. The association between drinking alcohol and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components is not consistent. One prospective study found a linear increase in metabolic syndrome risk with an increase in alcohol consumption [8]. Park showed that alcohol consumption is associated with a higher incidence of MetS in men. No such association was found in women [9]. In a Nutrients 2019, 11, 2764; doi:10.3390/nu11112764 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients
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