Abstract
This study aimed to assess consumers’ uses of and opinions on the current Brazilian food label and their reaction to the introduction of a front-of-package warning label. We conducted 12 focus groups among a diverse sample of adult consumers, to broadly assess: (1) uses of and perceptions about the current food label, and (2) opinions about implementing a front-of-package warning label to guide food purchases. Data was analyzed with a triangulation of researchers using an exploratory content analysis, which allowed codes to emerge from the data. The frequency of codes across focus groups was compared by gender and socioeconomic status to explore differences by these sociodemographic factors. Codes were divided into six main themes: (1) “Reasons for using food labels”; (2) “Barriers to using food labels”; (3) “Requirements for a new label”; (4) “Perceived influence on consumption behaviors”; (5) “Perceived influence on child behaviors”; and (6) “Perceptions of the food manufacturers using of warning labels”. Participants used food labels to check nutrient content and ingredient information but the format of these labels and the technicality of the content displayed often made the information inaccessible, particularly for those with low socioeconomic status. Most participants were supportive of the display of front-of-package warning labels on products and considered them useful to inform purchases. Women believed that they and their children would reduce the consumption of foods with front-of-package warning labels, while men reported more polarity in their intentions. For men and their children, front-of-package warning labels would result in either stopping food intake entirely or continued consumption without changes to the amount. The study results highlight the potential of front-of-package warning labels to support healthier behaviors in both consumers and their children.
Highlights
The increase in the consumption of ultra-processed food products (UPP) plays a central role in the process of nutrition transition, defined as a shift in dietary intake and energy expenditure that coincides with epidemiological, demographic and economic changes [1]
The current food label in Brazil was represented by the list of ingredients and the nutrition facts panel, and the warning label (WL) model was represented by a black triangle with the warning “high in” [28]
Three related to the second section of questions: two codes presented the consumers’ expected reactions to the WL–“Perceived influence on consumption behaviors”, “Perceived influence on child behaviors”, and one code presented an unexpected discussion on the focus groups (FGs) about how WLs would affect consumers’ opinions about the food manufacturers–“Perceptions of the food manufacturers using of WLs” (Table 1)
Summary
The increase in the consumption of ultra-processed food products (UPP) plays a central role in the process of nutrition transition, defined as a shift in dietary intake and energy expenditure that coincides with epidemiological, demographic and economic changes [1]. UPP typically contain high amounts of sodium, free sugars, total and saturated fats, and trans-fatty acids [2] Decreasing their consumption is important for safeguarding public health in Brazil, as diets high in these products have been associated with lower diet quality [3,4], and with obesity among adults and children [5]. In this context, providing nutrition information at points of purchase through food labels is likely to be a cost-effective strategy for supporting changes to a healthier dietary pattern that may protect against future non-communicable diseases [6]. All nutrient information is usually presented in a nutrition facts panel at the back of the package and has to be: (1) structured in a table or presented as a text, (2) presented in culinary measurements, (3) in the country’s official language, (4) legible [9]
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