Construction of Pd-Ag/g-C3N4/CPE electrochemical nanosensor for simultaneous determination of clozapine and quetiapine antipsychotic drugs

Abstract

A sensitive electrochemical procedure assisted by multivariate optimization approaches is applied for the simultaneous determination of antipsychotic drugs including clozapine (CLZ) and quetiapine (QTP) in the pharmaceutical and human plasma. The novel electrochemical nanosensor was fabricated carbon paste electrode by palladium-silver/graphitic carbon nitride nanostructure (Pd-Ag/g-C3N4/CPE). Firstly, we synthesized and characterized graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as well as Pd-Ag/g-C3N4 which was used for fabrication of modified CPE. Results of response surface methodology were specified that pH of 7.0, 20% of Pd-Ag/g-C3N4 nanostructure in the constructed CPE, sweep rate (0.06 V s−1) and pulse height (0.045 V) give maximum oxidation currents for both drugs. The electro-oxidation peaks current of CLZ and QTP at the Pd-Ag/g-C3N4/CPE surface were amplified dramatically versus CPE and their overpotentials were decreased. Under optimized experimental circumstances, linear answer in the ranges of 1.69–107.14 and 5.26–107.14 μM were obtained for CLZ and QTP, respectively. The LODs were obtained to be 0.5 and 1.5 μM for CLZ and QTP, respectively. The experimental presentation of the Pd-Ag/g-C3N4/CPE was validated by determining the concentration of CLZ and QTP in tablet samples and human plasma. The suggested system is easy, quick and can be applied as an effective analytical device in quality control of pharmaceutical industry.