Construction of high electrical conductive nickel phosphide alloys with controllable crystalline phase for advanced energy storage

Abstract

Nickel–based compounds are promising energy storage materials due to their high specific capacitance and energy density, but their practical applications are severely prevented by the poor rate capability which ascribed to the low conductivity. Herein controllable synthesis of high electrical conductive nickel phosphide alloys is achieved by conversion of Ni3C into Ni2P, Ni7P3 and Ni12P5 using trioctylphosphine as phosphorus source. The current-voltage curves indicating that the conductivity of these nickel phosphide alloys is higher than commercial graphite. They deliver excellent electrochemical characteristics including high specific capacitance and excellent rate capability. Simultaneously, the asymmetric supercapacitors with high energy density and long cycle life are also assembled based on nickel phosphide alloys as positive electrode and activated carbon as negative electrode. The AC//Ni2P asymmetric supercapacitor delivers the highest specific capacity of 239.5Cg−1 at a current density of 0.5Ag−1 and a maximum energy density of 53.2Whkg−1 (at a power density of 0.3998kWkg−1). The study will provide a new strategy for the construction of high performance energy storage materials by enhancing their intrinsic electrical conductivity and controlling their microstructure.