Abstract
Information authentication and integrity (IAI) plays a critical role in construction digital transformation. Blockchain technology can prevent information from fabrication and falsification but cannot guarantee IAI before it enters the on-chain world. To cover the void, this paper describes a blockchain-oriented deployment framework to secure IAI for construction by formulating watermarks from the 5W1H (Who?, What?, Where?, Where?, Why?, How?) and hiding them in digital content. It does so by conducting a literature review and industrial stakeholder engagements, based on which the design requirements are derived and a framework with seven modules is further developed. By deploying it in a modular construction project, the framework demonstrates its capability to guide the formation and embedding of watermarks, accurately detect and localize the integrity damage, and recover the full authentication data even after some degree of tampering. Future studies are encouraged to deploy the framework with various blockchain systems in construction applications.
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