Abstract
Most cases of ADHD occur in children under five, and this situation calls for screening tools with high sensitivity and specificity for early age. This study presents the ADHD-3P, a new screening tool developed with Spanish population for preschool children. From an initial pool of 151 items, face validity analyses, followed by item analyses and analysis of the scale, were carried out. A 27-item scale (? = .95) composed of three factors: hyperactivity (? = .92), inattention (? = .92), and other symptoms (? = .81) resulted from the analyses. Discriminant power was high (89.7% for ADHD, and 88.3% for non-ADHD). Diagnostic performance was evaluated through Receiver-Operating Characteristic curves, and excellent sensitivity (92.86%) and specificity (89.86%) were obtained. In sum, the ADHD-3Pis a promising tool to be used by parents, teachers, and pediatricians.
Highlights
Discussion ReferencesRecibido: 26/01/2019 Revisado: 29/03/2019 Aceptado: 04/04/2019 AbstractMost cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) occur in children under five, and this situation calls for screening tools with high sensitivity and specificity for early age
An overall prevalence of between 8% and 12% is estimated (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; World Health Organization, 2010, 2018) and there is a general consensus regarding the underestimation of the ADHD (Rowland et al, 2001)
Detection is not easy for several reasons: (1) the diversity of clinical presentations (Costa-Dias et al, 2013; Potter, Dunbar, Mazzulla, Hosford, & Newhouse, 2014); (2) the onset of the disorder coincides with some age-related behaviors (Reyes-Sandoval & Acuña, 2012; Vaquerizo-Madrid, 2005); (3) the symptoms overlap with other disorders, such as Oppositional Defiant Disorder or Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (Mulraney et al, 2016) and (4) some of the behavioral disorders overlap with other emotional disorders, such as anxiety-related disorders (Overgaard, Aase, Torgersen, & Zeiner, 2016)
Summary
Most cases of ADHD occur in children under five, and this situation calls for screening tools with high sensitivity and specificity for early age. This study presents the ADHD-3P, a new screening tool developed with Spanish population for preschool children. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), or Attention and Activity Disorder (World Health Organization, 2010) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in the child population. Both the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and the ICD (International Classification of Diseases; World Health Organization, 2010, 2018) manuals designate attention deficit, hyperactivity and impulsivity as core symptoms. ADHD, rather than being a homogeneous entity, is a group of conditions with potentially different etiological and risk factors and with different outcomes (Costa-Dias et al, 2013; Spencer, Biederman, & Mick, 2007)
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