Abstract
Periosteum is essential for bone regeneration and damage repair in mammals. Most species of deer family (Cervidae) develop two kinds of special periosteum, antler periosteum and pedicle periosteum, both supporting the complete regeneration of antler. Antler is the bone organ with the fastest growth rate in mammals. Along with the fast growth of antler, its external tissues such as blood vessels, nerves and the covering skin also grow rapidly. Currently, it is still unclear whether antler periosteum contributes to the fast growth of antler and how. It is also unclear why the regenerative capacity of antler periosteum is weaker than that of pedicle periosteum. In this study, the in vitro culture system for antler periosteal cells (AnPC) was constructed for the first time using the mid-beam antler periostea during antler fast-growth period. According to our results, the cultured AnPC expressed classical MSC markers, consistent with the pedicle periosteal stem cells (PPSC). However, the fluorescence intensities of the MSC markers on AnPC were significantly weaker than those on PPSC. In addition, AnPC showed much lower proliferation rates than PPSC. The proliferation rates of the AnPC also gradually decreased after successive passages, while the proliferation rates of the pedicle periosteal stem cells remained unchanged. These findings may partially explain the weaker regenerative capacity of antler periosteum. Further comparative global gene analysis revealed clearly the different gene expressed patterns between AnPC and PPSC. AnPC may mainly function on promoting angiogenesis, nerve growth and intramembrane bone formation during antler regeneration, whereas PPSC may primarily be involved in androgen signaling receptor pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and function on maintaining stem cell renewal.
Highlights
Periosteum is a thin layer of vascularized tissue lining the outer bone surface
Our results suggested that PPC and DPC proliferated much faster than antler periosteal cells (AnPC)
To detect the factors owing to this difference, we constructed the in vitro culture system for sika deer antler periosteum using the same culture condition as that for the pedicle stem cells
Summary
Periosteum is a thin layer of vascularized tissue lining the outer bone surface. It plays an essential role in bone regeneration and damage repair in mammals [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8]. Most species from the deer family (Cervidae) possess two special types of periostea—the pedicle periosteum and the antler periosteum, making them unique among mammals in terms of regenerative capacity. The deer’s antlers enter a testosterone level-dependent regenerative cycle after casting every year [12,14,15], and the pedicles increase in diameter and decrease in length gradually to support antler regeneration [16]. The antler periosteum gradually loses regenerative capacity through successive epimorphic experiments, whereas the pedicle periosteum still maintains [18,19]
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