Abstract
The constructed wetlands (CWs) have been used for wastewater treatment since the 1950s. CWs can be classified according to the presence or absence of water on the surface, (surface/subsurface flow), flow direction (vertical/horizontal) and the use of various types of macrophytes. All constructed wetlands exhibit high removal efficiency for organics and suspended solids while nitrogen removal depends on the type of CWs. Removal of phosphorus is usually low unless special filtration media with high sorption capacity is used. At the moment, constructed wetlands are used to treat all kinds of wastewater including municipal sewage, agricultural and industrial effluents, landfill leachate, stormwater runoff (e.g., urban, highway, airport, golfcourse, agricultural). Constructed wetlands represent viable option for wastewater treatment with the major advantage of low operation and maintenance costs as compared to conventional systems such as activated sludge treatment systems.
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