Constraints on Europa's surface properties from primary and secondary crater morphology

Abstract

We investigate the near‐surface properties of Europa's ice shell by examining small crater morphology; we use both primary and secondary craters for our analysis. For primary craters, the simple‐to‐complex transition provides an estimate of 0.19–0.36 MPa for the cratering effective strength. Through the aggregate statistics of over 100 profiles, we find that secondary craters on Europa tend toward smaller depth‐to‐diameter (d/D) ratios than primary craters, consistent with observations on other cratered surfaces (the Moon and Mars). In addition, we find that adjacent secondaries tend to be more shallow than distant secondaries, also consistent with trends seen on the Moon and Mars. The presence of numerous and far‐flung secondaries requires a solid, competent surface for spallation that is inconsistent with weak ice. Although the effective strength evaluated by crater scaling laws does not have a direct quantitative relationship to lab‐based measurements of shear or tensile strength, comparison to other observationally derived effective strengths and geologic materials suggests that the mechanical properties of Europa's surface ice should be consistent with terrestrial measurements of cold ice.