Abstract
The practical requirements for low‐frequency underwater sound sources are reviewed, with the volume velocity and force levels needed as a function of power level and frequency placed in perspective. The principal features of a representative selection of low‐frequency transducers in use today are set forth, and the opportunities for improvements in performance are assessed with regard to the limitations of materials, seals, pressure compensation, and other aspects that affect size, weight, reliability, cost, etc. Finally, selected comments are made on suggested research and development or other studies that might lead to improvements in the state of the art of low‐frequency transduction.
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