Abstract
Abstract. Particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters lower than 10 µm, (PM10) aerosol samples were collected during summer 2013 within the framework of the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx) at two sites located north (Capo Granitola) and south (Lampedusa Island), respectively, of the main Mediterranean shipping route in the Straight of Sicily. The PM10 samples were collected with 12 h time resolutions at both sites. Selected metals, main anions, cations and elemental and organic carbon were determined. The evolution of soluble V and Ni concentrations (typical markers of heavy fuel oil combustion) was related to meteorology and ship traffic intensity in the Straight of Sicily, using a high-resolution regional model for calculation of back trajectories. Elevated concentration of V and Ni at Capo Granitola and Lampedusa are found to correspond with air masses from the Straight of Sicily and coincidences between trajectories and positions of large ships; the vertical structure of the planetary boundary layer also appears to play a role, with high V values associated with strong inversions and a stable boundary layer. The V concentration was generally lower at Lampedusa than at Capo Granitola V, where it reached a peak value of 40 ng m−3. Concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs), La and Ce in particular, were used to identify possible contributions from refineries, whose emissions are also characterized by elevated V and Ni amounts; refinery emissions are expected to display high La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios due to the use of La in the fluid catalytic converter systems. In general, low La ∕ Ce and La ∕ V ratios were observed in the PM samples. The combination of the analyses based on chemical markers, air mass trajectories and ship routes allows us to unambiguously identify the large role of the ship source in the Straight of Sicily. Based on the sampled aerosols, ratios of the main aerosol species arising from ship emission with respect to V were estimated with the aim of deriving a lower limit for the total ship contribution to PM10. The estimated minimum ship emission contributions to PM10 were 2.0 µg m−3 at Lampedusa and 3.0 µg m−3 at Capo Granitola, corresponding with 11 and 8.6 % of PM10, respectively.
Highlights
Ship emissions may significantly affect atmospheric concentrations of several important pollutants, especially in maritime and coastal areas (e.g. Endresen et al, 2003)
The combination of these approaches allows the unambiguous identification of the ship source and permits the constraint of its contribution to PM10 in the central Mediterranean. an The PM10 samples were collected in summer 2013 as a contribution to the Chemistry and Aerosol Mediterranean Experiment (ChArMEx; http://charmex.lsce.ispl.fr)
In this study we have investigated the impact of the ship emissions to PM10 on measurements made at two sites in the central Mediterranean
Summary
Ship emissions may significantly affect atmospheric concentrations of several important pollutants, especially in maritime and coastal areas (e.g. Endresen et al, 2003). Main emitted compounds are carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons and primary as well as secondary particles. Ship emissions impact the greenhouse gas budget, (Stern, 2007), acid rain – through NOx and SO2 oxidation products (Derwent at al., 2005), human health – through CO, hydrocarbons, particles (Lloyd’s Register Engineering Services, 1995; Corbett et al, 2007) and solar radiation budget through aerosol direct and indirect effects such as black carbon and sulfur containing particles (Devasthale et al, 2006; Lauer et al, 2007; Coakley Jr. and Walsh, 2002). The aerosol emitted by ship engines is formed at high temperatures (> 800 ◦C) from V, Ni and Fe compounds (Sippula et al, 2009). Sulfuric acid is found to form a liquid layer on the metal oxide ultrafine particles, leading to the metal partial dissolution, probably increasing the toxicity of the particles when inhaled
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