Abstract
In very general terms, the peculiarities in flow of polymeric liquids can be described as follows: (i) In many cases, polymeric liquids can be considered as incompressible media since the ratio of pressure, p, to the compressibility modulus, K, is almost always considerably less than unity (K ≈ l09Pa,14. There are some exceptions however, related to highly intense moulding processes, particularly injection moulding15 where the effects of compressibility seem to be quite important. (ii) In any flow of a polymeric liquid, the total shear strain contains reversible (recoverable or high elastic) and irreversible components; in other words, in polymeric liquids, the elastic strains always appear in flow. (iii) Huge recoverable strains (as high as tens), sometimes much greater than in crosslinked rubbers,16 can be observed in these liquids and the reversible changes in sizes of specimens can vary greatly. In these media, the development of flow can never be neglected because the irreversible strains are commensurable with the reversible ones.
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