Abstract
In this paper we have reviewed the granular flows and the piles which were predicted in a flat-bottomed hopper and bin based on three-dimensional numerically empirical constitutive relations using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH). The constitutive equations for the strain rate independent stress have been obtained as the functions of the Almansi strain. The constitutive equations cover the elastic and the plastic regions including the flow state and represent the friction mechanism of granular material. The good agreement between the calculated and the experimental results suggests that the constitutive relations and the simulation method would be applicable for predicting granular flows and pile formation with complex geometry including free surface geometry.
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