Constitutive Changes in Circulating Follicular Helper T Cells and Their Subsets in Patients with Graves' Disease.

Jue Xie,Xiaofang Li,Yan Liu,Xinwang Yuan,Dawei Cui

doi:10.1155/2018/8972572

Abstract

Background Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are critical for high-affinity antibody generation and B cell maturation and differentiation, which play important roles in autoimmune diseases. Graves' disease (GD) is one prototype of common organ-specific autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) characterized by autoreactive antibodies, suggesting a possible role for Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of GD. Our objective was to explore the role of circulating Tfh cell subsets and associated plasma cells (PCs) in patients with GD. Methods Thirty-six patients with GD and 20 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of circulating Tfh cell subsets and PCs were determined by flow cytometry, and plasma cytokines, including interleukin- (IL-) 21, IL-4, IL-17A, and interferon- (IFN-) γ, were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The mRNA expression of transcription factors (Bcl-6, T-bet, GATA-3, and RORγt) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR. Results. Compared with HC, the frequencies of circulating CD4+CXCR5+CD45RA−Tfh (cTfh) cells with ICOS and PD-1 expression, the Tfh2 subset (CXCR3−CCR6−Tfh) cells, and PCs (CD19+CD27highCD38high) were significantly increased in the GD patients, but the frequencies of Tfh1 (CXCR3+CCR6−Tfh) and Tfh17 (CXCR3−CCR6+Tfh) subset cells among CD4+T cells were significantly decreased in GD patients. The plasma concentrations of IL-21, IL-4, and IL-17A were elevated in GD patients. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the frequency of PD-1+Tfh cells (Tfh2 or PCs) and plasma IL-21 concentration (or serum TPO-Ab levels). The mRNA levels of transcription factors (GATA-3 and RORγt) were significantly increased, but T-bet and Bcl-6 mRNA expression was not obviously varied in PBMCs from GD patients. Interestingly, Tfh cell subsets and PCs from GD patients were partly normalized by treatment. Conclusion Circulating Tfh cell subsets and PCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of GD, which are potential clues for GD patients' interventions.

Highlights

Graves’ disease (GD) is a typical organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland with hyperthyroidism and diffuse goiter [1,2,3]
To investigate the potential role of effector cTfh cells in peripheral blood from patients with GD, the frequencies of circulating CD4+CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5)+CD45RA−Tfh cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (Figure 1(a))
The frequency of cTfh cells from some GD patients partly normalized after treatment (AT-GD), and there were no differences between AT-GD and healthy controls (HC) groups (Figures 1(b)–1(d))

Summary

Introduction

Graves’ disease (GD) is a typical organ-specific autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid gland with hyperthyroidism and diffuse goiter [1,2,3]. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells, an important CD4+T cell subset associated with the development of germinal centers (GC), B cell differentiation, and antibody production, have been explored in many autoimmune diseases such as GD, systemic lupus erythematosus. Follicular helper T (Tfh) cells are critical for high-affinity antibody generation and B cell maturation and differentiation, which play important roles in autoimmune diseases. Graves’ disease (GD) is one prototype of common organspecific autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) characterized by autoreactive antibodies, suggesting a possible role for Tfh cells in the pathogenesis of GD. Our objective was to explore the role of circulating Tfh cell subsets and associated plasma cells (PCs) in patients with GD. Circulating Tfh cell subsets and PCs might play an important role in the pathogenesis of GD, which are potential clues for GD patients’ interventions

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Discussion

Conclusion