Abstract
Historically, all Turkish constitutions, starting from the Ottoman Constitution of 1876 and excluding the short-lived revolutionary Constitution of 1921, have been rigid. Thus, the Constitution of 1876 (Art. 116) provided that proposals for amendment could be submitted by the Council of Ministers, the Chamber of Deputies, or the Senate. Amendments had to be adopted first by the Chamber of Deputies and then by the Senate with a two-thirds majority of thefull membership of both houses, and finally approved by the Sultan. The Constitution of 1921 contained no provisions regarding the procedure of its amendment and in fact was changed several times by ordinary legislation.KeywordsJudicial ReviewConstitutional AmendmentFull MembershipConstitutional CourtConstitutional ChangeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
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