Abstract
Time difference of arrival (TDOA)-based geolocation refers to position estimation of a terrestrial emitter by using at least three receivers. This type of geolocation is used by a variety of systems. Existing systems, however, do not provide continuous coverage of a given target area. In this study, satellite constellations that can provide continuous geolocation services in a specific target region are designed and optimized. The problem of TDOA-based geolocation is formulated, and the lower bounds of the estimation errors are expressed in the form of the Cramér–Rao lower bound, and the position dilution of precision (PDOP). Geolocation constellations in low Earth orbits are designed using global optimization techniques, aimed at minimizing the PDOP.
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