Consolidation behavior in sedimentation of TiO 2 suspensions in the presence of electrolytes

Abstract

The consolidation of TiO 2 suspensions (anatase and rutile) due to gravity sedimentation in the presence of electrolytes has been investigated as a function of pH. Sodium and barium nitrate were used as flocculating electrolytes. The particle interaction was related to the ζ potential and the thickness of the electrical double layer, κ −1, by utilizing the repulsive barrier in the classical DLVO theory. The stability of the suspensions was represented as the average final solids content of the sediment cake, φ fin. The batch sedimentation process was followed by scanning the sample cell with X-rays, from which the solids content and the particle size were calculated. Generally, dense sediments, with φ fin up to volume fractions of 0.5, were found for stable suspensions. Flocculated suspensions produced sediments with low φ fin. The φ fin was observed to increase linearly with increasing repulsive barrier. However, at pH values only slightly higher than the isoelectric point (pH iep) the φ fin remained low until it returned to linearity at a pH much higher than pH iep. This was attributed to the stronger affinity of sodium than of nitrate for the particle surface, which may be explained by the higher negative hydration energy of sodium. The stronger affinity of sodium was also shown as unsymmetrical distribution of φ fin around pH iep, with stronger flocculation at pH>pH iep. The interpretation of φ fin as a function of the repulsive barrier (or κ −1) also made it possible to distinguish between the adsorption mechanisms of ions from solution. Addition of electrolyte at a fixed low and high pH (surface positively and negatively charged, respectively) clearly showed the specificity in adsorption and consequent flocculation of the barium ion from the indifferent nitrate. Sodium was, however, again observed to flocculate the TiO 2 suspensions slightly more strongly than nitrate.