Abstract
Higher-order plate theories and the corresponding finite element formulations have become popular recently, owing to the increasing demand for accuracy in transverse stress predictions in thick and laminated structures. In this paper, several displacement-type finite elements based on the Lo-Christensen-Wu higher-order description of transverse structural deformation are examined. The errors of locking, delayed convergence and stress oscillations are critically studied. The accuracy of the elements is then demonstrated using some well-established bench-mark tests. It is also observed with reference to a high-precision three-dimensional finite element solution that the higher-order transverse deformation theories and the corresponding finite element formulations, in general, cannot capture the transverse stress distribution correctly near the structural boundary of thick beams and plates.
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